(Br) can be regenerated into its killing form known as hypobromous acid (HOBr). Bromine tablets (BCDMH or 1- bromo-3-chloro-5, 5-dimethylhydantoin) contain both bromine and chlorine. The active disinfectant is hypobromous acid.Once the bromine is spent, the chlorine functions to regenerate the bromide ion into the killing form: hypobromous acid. The two part system uses a bromine salt known as sodium bromide (NaBr). Sodium bromide establishes a bromide ion bank in the water. An oxidizer such as ozone or potassium monopersulfate can then regenerate the bromide ion into hypobromous acid. The recommended amount of bromine that should always be present in a spa is 4.0-6.0 ppm. If bromine is used in a spa without any other water sanitation system, approximately 80 percent of bromine is used up for oxidation, 7.5 percent for disinfection, 2.5 percent for residual and 10 percent of bromine is destroyed by the hot spa water.

Spa water oxidation

As outlined above, the high water temperature causes the water to evaporate. As the water evaporates, bather waste and other organics that were dissolved in the water remain in the spa and accumulate. High water temperature also causes more bather waste to be released into the water as the bathers sweat. This waste builds up quickly in the spa's small volume of water. A good oxidizer UV light is needed to break down the heavy organic load in the water. Leaving these compounds in the spa water will encourage the growth of potentially harmful bacteria. While beneficial as a disinfectant and a residual, using chlorine as an oxidizer is not the best choice. Chlorine is an extremely good disinfectant and can function as an acceptable residual in the water; however, it performs more poorly as an oxidizer. At spa concentrations,chlorine has the tendency to combine with organic compounds. Chlorine will combine with non-living bather waste such as body oils, cosmetics, antiperspirants and lotions that are at high levels in the spa. In this process, new chlorinated organic compounds are formed which cannot be broken down. These chlorinated organic compounds form scum lines, clog filters and result in the formation of soft-scale.

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